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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 47: e22, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424250

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivo. Medir el efecto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la implementación de un programa de detección oportuna, intervención breve y referencia para tratamiento por consumo de alcohol en centros de salud del primer nivel de atención de la Ciudad de México. Métodos. Se recopilaron los datos en 18 centros de salud de la Ciudad de México entre 2019 y 2021, como parte de un estudio más amplio. Participaron 287 profesionales de la salud, quienes midieron el consumo de alcohol de sus pacientes con la prueba AUDIT-C. Se analizaron aspectos demográficos y patrones de consumo de los pacientes, así como las acciones de atención (detección, intervención breve, entrega de folletos, monitoreo y referencia) en tres momentos: antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, durante el confinamiento y luego del confinamiento. Se realizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas para identificar la relación y las diferencias entre las variables en los tres períodos. Resultados. Se identificaron 9 090 personas con consumo de alcohol; el porcentaje de detección del consumo tuvo fluctuaciones en los tres períodos estudiados (26%, 53% y 37%, respectivamente). El consumo de riesgo medio y alto fue más frecuente entre hombres jóvenes y con mayor escolaridad durante y después del confinamiento. En el período posconfinamiento aumentaron las acciones de monitoreo y referencia. Conclusiones. La medición del impacto de la pandemia en la implementación de un programa de detección oportuna, asesoramiento breve y referencia para el tratamiento del consumo de alcohol en centros de salud ayuda a elaborar políticas en salud por edad, género, escolaridad y tipo de consumo para el primer nivel de atención.


ABSTRACT Objective. To measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of a program for timely detection, brief intervention, and referral for treatment of alcohol consumption in health centers at the first level of care in Mexico City. Methods. The data were collected at 18 health centers in Mexico City between 2019 and 2021, as part of a larger study. A total of 287 participating health professionals measured their patients' alcohol consumption using the AUDIT-C test. The patients' demographic aspects and consumption patterns were analyzed, as well as care actions (detection, brief intervention, provision of leaflets, monitoring, and referral) at three points in time: before the COVID-19 pandemic, during confinement, and after confinement. Parametric and nonparametric tests were performed to identify the relationship and differences between the variables at the three points. Results. A total of 9090 people who consumed alcohol were identified; detection of consumption fluctuated in the three periods studied (26%, 53%, and 37%, respectively). Medium- and high-risk consumption was more frequent among young men with higher schooling during and after confinement. In the post-confinement period, monitoring and referral actions increased. Conclusions. Measuring the impact of the pandemic on the implementation of a program for timely detection of alcohol consumption, brief intervention, and referral for treatment in health centers helps to develop health policies by age, gender, schooling, and type of consumption at the first level of care.


RESUMO Objetivo. Medir o efeito da pandemia de COVID-19 na implementação de um programa de detecção oportuna, intervenção breve e encaminhamento para tratamento pelo consumo de álcool em centros de saúde no nível da atenção primária na Cidade do México. Métodos. Foram coletados dados em 18 centros de saúde na Cidade do México entre 2019 e 2021, como parte de um estudo mais amplo. Participaram 287 profissionais de saúde, que mediram o consumo de álcool de seus pacientes com o teste AUDIT-C. Foram analisados aspectos demográficos e o padrão de consumo dos pacientes, bem como as medidas em termos de atendimento (triagem, intervenção breve, entrega de folhetos, monitoramento e encaminhamento) em três momentos: antes da pandemia de COVID-19, durante o confinamento e após o confinamento. Foram feitos testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para identificar a relação e as diferenças entre as variáveis nos três períodos. Resultados. Foram identificadas 9.090 pessoas com consumo de álcool, sendo que a porcentagem de consumo detectada flutuou nos três períodos estudados (26%, 53% e 37%, respectivamente). O consumo de médio e alto risco foi mais prevalente entre homens jovens e com nível maior de escolaridade durante e após o confinamento. No período posterior ao confinamento, as medidas de monitoramento e encaminhamento aumentaram. Conclusões. Medir o impacto da pandemia na implementação de um programa de detecção oportuna, intervenção breve e encaminhamento para tratamento do consumo de álcool em centros de saúde ajuda na formulação de políticas de saúde por idade, gênero, escolaridade e tipo de consumo para o primeiro nível de atenção.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Primary Health Care , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , COVID-19 , Sex Factors , Mass Screening , Age Factors , Sociodemographic Factors
2.
Salud ment ; 35(1): 63-70, ene.-feb. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-653862

ABSTRACT

Introduction Mental health can have different meanings in indigenous communities, which is why understanding mental problems requires studying the context. Knowledge of mental health in these communities sheds light on the population's perception of how they live and experience the stressful events that cause depressive symptomatology. The aim of this article is to analyze the link between the symptoms expressed in an indigenous population and the symptoms evaluated using the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CES-D) and its link with socio-demographic variables. Method The sample comprises indigenous women from the Mezquital Valley who attended medical consultations and were referred for psychological treatment since they were considered to be suffering from emotional malaise due to their inability to cope with living with a relative who was a heavy drinker. A mixed method that explores meanings was used to analyze the information. This method involves the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data that complement each other in order to understand the cultural context and influences. The quantitative analysis consisted of obtaining the score for depressive symptomatology and its link with socio-demographic variables such as academic achievement, age, occupation and marital status. Presence (experiencing the symptom in the week prior to the interview, regardless of the number of days) and persistence (experiencing the symptom from five to seven days) were analyzed. Results and discussion Sixty-two per cent obtained high scores for depressive symptomatology. The qualitative data indicate that the women expressed feelings that correspond to items in the CES-D. Working and being young constitute a protective factor that provides women with a social life and a degree of independence. The effectiveness of the CES-D as a screening instrument means that it can be applied in primary health care to alert professionals and ensure timely referral. Conclusion The CES-D scale is suitable for measuring depressive symptomatology in Mexico's indigenous population. However, these findings must be treated with caution because of the population's meanings and representations of health and illness.


Introducción En las comunidades indígenas la salud mental puede tener significados diferentes por lo que la comprensión de los problemas mentales requiere del estudio del contexto. Su conocimiento favorecería entender desde la perspectiva de la población cómo viven y experimentan los eventos estresantes que les ocasiona sintomatología depresiva. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación entre los síntomas expresados en una población indígena, los síntomas evaluados con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiologicos (CES-D)y su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Método El Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, ha venido trabajando por más de diez años en los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en la comunidad indígena otomí del Estado de Hidalgo. Este trabajo es uno de los realizados en este campo. En este caso la muestra se integra por mujeres indígenas del Valle del Mezquital que asistieron a la consulta médica, y que fueron canalizadas a la atención psicológica por considerar que tenían malestares emocionales por no saber cómo enfrentar la situación de convivir con un familiar consumidor excesivo de alcohol. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el método mixto, consistente en el análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos que se complementan entre sí para comprender el contexto y explorar los significados y las influencias culturales. El análisis cuantitativo consistió en obtener el puntaje de la sintomatología depresiva y su relación con variables sociodemográficas de escolaridad, edad, ocupación y estado civil. Se analizó la presencia (experimentar el síntoma durante la semana previa a la aplicación sin importar el número de días) y la persistencia (padecer el síntoma de cinco a siete días). Resultados y discusión El 62% tuvo puntuaciones altas de sintomatología depresiva. Los datos cualitativos indican que las mujeres expresan sentimientos que corresponden a los reactivos de la CES-D. Trabajar y ser joven es un factor protector para la sintomatología, brinda a las mujeres una vida social y una esporádica independencia. La efectividad de la CES-D como instrumento de tamizaje, permite su aplicación en el nivel de atención primaria para alertar al profesional y hacer una canalización adecuada. Conclusión La escala de CES-D es adecuada para medir la sintomatología depresiva en una población indígena de México. Sin embargo, la interpretación deberá realizarse con cautela por los significados y representaciones del proceso salud-enfermedad en esta población específica.

3.
Salud ment ; 34(3): 195-201, may.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-680600

ABSTRACT

The 2008 National Addictions Survey reports that dependence on alcohol consumption is higher in Mexico's rural and indigenous communities (10.6%) than in urban areas (9.5%), and that its consequences for the social and health environment are correspondingly greater. This is compounded by the marginalization and poverty of these regions and the scant resources available for dealing with health, particularly alcoholism. The study was carried out in the indigenous zone of El Mezquital in the state of Hidalgo. In this state, the National Addictions Survey (2008) reports that daily consumption is 1.4% and habitual consumption is 6.6% while the index of abuse and dependence is 6.8%, all of which are above the national mean of 0.8%, 5.3% and 5.5%, respectively. One of the consequences is having a mortality rate for hepatic cirrhosis of 40.2 for every 100 000 inhabitants, making this the area with the highest mortality rate from this cause in Mexico, which has an average rate of 26.3 cirrhosis-related deaths for every 100 000 inhabitants. The family is the most immediate group affected by the alcoholism of one of its members, which has severe implications for the psychological and physical health of the other members. Since little is known about the way families in Mexico's indigenous or rural zones deal with this problem, a research project was carried out to find out more about the situation. To this end, an ethnographic study was undertaken to identify the role of alcohol in everyday life and determine families' needs for support and the cultural challenges that must be overcome to undertake an intervention. The results of the ethnographic exploration showed that alcohol consumption is a deeply-ingrained custom in the community that provides group identity and solidarity, particularly for men. Its consumption is closely linked to work, particularly agricultural activities and construction. One important aspect was women's complaints that they did not know what to do about the consequences of excess alcohol consumption on the family's health and economy. In addition to this, a powerful patriarchal influence was identified that prevented women from seeking psychological assistance for the problem of alcohol abuse, which is essentially male. Poverty is one of the characteristics of the desert area of El Mezquital where this study was carried out. It constitutes yet another obstacle to seeking and requesting help, partly because of the adverse geographical conditions that limit transport. In addition to the scant transport services, there are communities in which the nearest health center is just over an hour's walk away. Moreover, families' scant resources are used to cover basic needs, ignoring both physical and mental health aspects. On the basis of an ethnographic study, an intervention program was linguistically and culturally adapted to provide support for families. This resulted in a specialized manual suitable for the region, designed to train health professionals to help relatives cope with a family member's excess consumption. This intervention was carried out between 2008 and 2009 and the results are presented in this study. Intervention model This brief intervention, based on the stress-coping-health model, is designed to help relatives find means of coping with their relatives' consumption in a more beneficial way for their health and to establish or strengthen support networks on the basis of their needs. Three coping styles have been documented: committed, tolerant and independent. The intervention consists of five steps that can be carried out in approximately five sessions. These involve: 1. Exploring family concerns; 2. Providing essential information on the effects of alcohol consumption; 3. Analyzing the coping styles used; 4. Exploring social support networks; and 5. Referring family members to specialized care, where necessary. Through these five stops, the intervention seeks to: a) Reduce the presence of physical and psychological symptomatology; b) Improve coping styles in a way that will benefit the relative's mental health and c) Reduce the presence of depressive symptomatology. Method Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the brief intervention on relatives of a person who consumes excess amounts of alcohol and to compare these results with relatives who, despite having the same problem, refused to participate in the intervention program. Procedure: the intervention was carried out by two psychologists (facilitators). Health center personnel referred relatives to the facilitators (group that experienced the intervention). The intervention ended when the women felt confident enough to be able to use the new coping styles, which took between 4 and 6 sessions (which lasted from 6 to 8 weeks). The <

El consumo de alcohol en la región indígena del Estado de Hidalgo representa un problema de salud importante. Según la ENA 2008, el consumo diario es de 1.4%, el consuetudinario de 6.6% y el índice de abuso y dependencia de 6.8%, todos por encima de la media nacional de 0.8, 5.3 y 5.5%, respectivamente. Hidalgo presentó en 2007 una tasa de mortalidad por cirrosis hepática de 40.2 por cada 100 000 habitantes, primer lugar del país, que en promedio tiene una tasa de 26.3 habitantes por cada 100 000. La familia es el grupo más inmediato que se ve afectado por el consumo de alcohol, con implicaciones graves para la salud psicológica y física de sus miembros. Para conocer cómo enfrentan esta situación las familias en zonas indígenas del Estado de Hidalgo, se llevó a cabo un estudio etnográfico donde se encontró que el consumo de alcohol es una costumbre arraigada en la comunidad, que proporciona identidad y solidaridad de grupo. Un resultado relevante del estudio fue la queja de las mujeres de no saber qué hacer frente a las consecuencias que tiene el consumo excesivo de alcohol en la familia, así como la fuerte influencia patriarcal que limita a las mujeres para solicitar apoyo psicológico. La pobreza, las difíciles condiciones geográficas, transportes insuficientes y la prioridad de resolver necesidades básicas limitan la búsqueda de apoyo profesional. Como resultado de la exploración etnográfica, se identificó la necesidad de atención a las familias para encontrar mejores formas de enfrentar la problemática; por ello se adaptó un programa para ofrecer acciones de apoyo a familias indígenas. La intervención se llevó a cabo entre 2008 y 2009, los resultados se presentan en este trabajo. Modelo de atención: La intervención breve tiene como meta ayudar a los familiares a encontrar formas de enfrentar las situaciones de consumo de manera más benéfica para su salud y establecer o fortalecer redes de apoyo. Consta de cinco pasos: 1. Escuchar la problemática del familiar, 2. Brindar información relevante, 3. Analizar los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados, 4. Búsqueda de fuentes de apoyo y 5. Canalización en caso de requerir atención especializada. Éstos se llevan a cabo en aproximadamente cinco sesiones. Material y método Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la intervención breve sobre la presencia de sintomatología física y psicológica, los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva, en personas que conviven con un familiar con consumo excesivo de alcohol. Muestra: 60 mujeres entre 18 y 65 años con problemas por el consumo de alcohol de un familiar (esposo o padre). Se integraron dos grupos, uno con intervención y otro sin ella. Para formar el primero, el personal de los centros de salud canalizó a los familiares con las orientadoras (dos psicólogas) para recibir atención, que concluía una vez que las mujeres manifestaban confianza para utilizar nuevos estilos de enfrentamiento, lo que ocurrió entre las sesiones cuatro y seis. El <

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